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Longer breastfeeding along with antiretroviral drugs could lower HIV transmission to babies

[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 25-Apr-2012
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Contact: Les Lang
llang@med.unc.edu
919-966-9366
University of North Carolina School of Medicine

CHAPEL Hill, N.C. In early results of a large-scale randomized study published in 2010 and led by researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, giving daily antiretroviral drugs (ART) to HIV-infected moms or their breastfeeding babies for 28 weeks proved safe and effective for preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission through breast milk.

Now it appears that early weaning stopping breastfeeding before six months is of little, if any, protective value against HIV transmission nor is it safe for infant survival.

The findings came from the Breastfeeding, Antiretrovirals, and Nutrition (BAN) trial that was conducted in Lilongwe, Malawi, between April 21, 2004 and January 28, 2010. The study involved more than 2,300 HIV-infected breastfeeding mothers and their newborn babies. BAN investigators were from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), UNC-Chapel Hill, and UNC Project-Malawi in Lilongwe, Malawi.

In 2010, BAN investigators reported early results demonstrating a 74 project reduction in HIV transmission to the breastfeeding babies if they were taking a single daily dose of the antiviral medication nevirapine for 28 weeks. In light of this and other emerging evidence, the World Health Organization in 2010 recommended that antiretroviral drugs be given to either HIV-infected mothers or infants throughout breastfeeding.

A report of the latest and long-term (48 week) BAN outcomes appears in the online edition of The Lancet on April 26, 2012. Here, the researchers focused specifically on the safety and effects of weaning and stopping of maternal or infant ART at 28 weeks after birth. The study's first author is Denise J. Jamieson, MD, MPH from the CDC. Senior author and principal investigator of BAN is Charles van der Horst, MD, a professor in the UNC School of Medicine, Division of infectious diseases.

Jamieson and her BAN colleagues found the overall risk of HIV transmission was significantly greater at 48 weeks (7 percent) in the control group of infants (breastfeeding only) than in the maternal ART group (4 percent) and the infant ART group (4 percent). However, about a third of the infants became HIV infected after most mothers said they had stopped nursing their babies at 28 weeks after giving birth.

"Our 48-week follow-up of women in Malawi has shown that either infant or maternal prophylaxis [with ART] effectively reduces postnatal HIV transmission and that this protective effect persists until after breastfeeding cessation," states Dr. Jamieson. "However, transmission does occur after mothers report that they have weaned their infants."

The report also noted that infant illnesses (diarrhea, malaria and TB), growth problems, and deaths significantly increased after early weaning. "Breastfeeding is essential for babies in Malawi. There should be no early weaning and anti-HIV medications given to the mother or infant should be continued throughout the breastfeeding period," Dr. van der Horst said.

###

Support for the research came from the CDC, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the UNC Center for AIDS Research, the NIH Fogarty AIDS International Training & Research Programs, and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.



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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 25-Apr-2012
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Les Lang
llang@med.unc.edu
919-966-9366
University of North Carolina School of Medicine

CHAPEL Hill, N.C. In early results of a large-scale randomized study published in 2010 and led by researchers from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, giving daily antiretroviral drugs (ART) to HIV-infected moms or their breastfeeding babies for 28 weeks proved safe and effective for preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission through breast milk.

Now it appears that early weaning stopping breastfeeding before six months is of little, if any, protective value against HIV transmission nor is it safe for infant survival.

The findings came from the Breastfeeding, Antiretrovirals, and Nutrition (BAN) trial that was conducted in Lilongwe, Malawi, between April 21, 2004 and January 28, 2010. The study involved more than 2,300 HIV-infected breastfeeding mothers and their newborn babies. BAN investigators were from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), UNC-Chapel Hill, and UNC Project-Malawi in Lilongwe, Malawi.

In 2010, BAN investigators reported early results demonstrating a 74 project reduction in HIV transmission to the breastfeeding babies if they were taking a single daily dose of the antiviral medication nevirapine for 28 weeks. In light of this and other emerging evidence, the World Health Organization in 2010 recommended that antiretroviral drugs be given to either HIV-infected mothers or infants throughout breastfeeding.

A report of the latest and long-term (48 week) BAN outcomes appears in the online edition of The Lancet on April 26, 2012. Here, the researchers focused specifically on the safety and effects of weaning and stopping of maternal or infant ART at 28 weeks after birth. The study's first author is Denise J. Jamieson, MD, MPH from the CDC. Senior author and principal investigator of BAN is Charles van der Horst, MD, a professor in the UNC School of Medicine, Division of infectious diseases.

Jamieson and her BAN colleagues found the overall risk of HIV transmission was significantly greater at 48 weeks (7 percent) in the control group of infants (breastfeeding only) than in the maternal ART group (4 percent) and the infant ART group (4 percent). However, about a third of the infants became HIV infected after most mothers said they had stopped nursing their babies at 28 weeks after giving birth.

"Our 48-week follow-up of women in Malawi has shown that either infant or maternal prophylaxis [with ART] effectively reduces postnatal HIV transmission and that this protective effect persists until after breastfeeding cessation," states Dr. Jamieson. "However, transmission does occur after mothers report that they have weaned their infants."

The report also noted that infant illnesses (diarrhea, malaria and TB), growth problems, and deaths significantly increased after early weaning. "Breastfeeding is essential for babies in Malawi. There should be no early weaning and anti-HIV medications given to the mother or infant should be continued throughout the breastfeeding period," Dr. van der Horst said.

###

Support for the research came from the CDC, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the UNC Center for AIDS Research, the NIH Fogarty AIDS International Training & Research Programs, and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act.



[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


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Benefits of Having an Earnings - The actual Motivation Factor ...

If you have didnt have a personal workout trainer, its probably good to build some idea products you should expect out of personal training . . . and points to ask any specific potential teacher, to make sure that you see a qualified instructor who is familiar with your pursuits. Careful researching and requesting the right concerns will help you keep away from having an awful experience which will lead to desertion of your health or weightloss goals.

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Most professional particular fitness teachers will have you will fill out a medical customer survey before starting any sort of program associated with fitness. Become accurate and honest in your own answers. The kind of may be motivated to perform a selection of exercises to gauge your fitness level. That will ascertain, for the most part, the place your good and bad points are.

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Lots of people are watchful about getting ?before? graphics taken. In case you are uncomfortable aquiring a personal trainer carry your pic, then accomplish one at your home. Strip all the down to shorts, or running breast support, or even brazilian bikini for the daring. I strongly suggest this. That will photo are going to be of excellent value to you later. I can not tell you solar panel systems my personal coaching clients repeat the WISH that they had listened to us and taken an image before their particular amazing improvement. That photograph is a LOT considerably less embarrassing many months later, after you look great, self-confident and 21 pounds lighter weight!

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Ester Wehrly provides website pages about Personal Training Tucson

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Newtown, PA real estate specialist Rick Houser Group develops ...

Rick Houser Group, a real estate specialist in Newtown, PA utilized the experience and knowledge of Pro Step Marketing to develop a new real estate website that incorporates advanced property search tools and search-engine friendly content. Rick Houser Group?s new website, www.RickHouser.com, offers site visitors information on the real estate market in Newtown, PA and advanced search capabilities for those interested in buying a home.

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Visitors to Rick Houser Group?s new Pro Step Marketing-designed custom website, will find the attractive design, informational copy and detailed property search capabilities are amazing resources for those looking to buy or sell real estate in the Newtown, PA area. By focusing specifically on the Newtown, PA real estate markets, Rick Houser Group has created a site that offers detailed information and valuable resources to help their clients buy or sell their Newtown, PA area home.

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In addition to creating a customized website, Pro Step Marketing also implemented a new search engine optimization program that will eventually move the Newtown, PA area real estate website www.RickHouser.com the top of the natural the rankings of major search engines such as Yahoo!, Google and Bing. This marketing strategy will further establish Rick Houser Group as the real estate expert in their community and on the Internet.

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Pro Step Marketing, located in Denver, North Carolina, provides real estate web design www.prostepmarketing.com, marketing consultation and education services to real estate agents across the country, along with logo design, branding services for print and web, website design and development, including lead integration strategies, and search engine optimization. Pro Step Marketing has a team dedicated to pulling all the pieces together so their clients can finally get the results they?ve always wanted from their real estate marketing strategy.

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Official: Ford releases photos of Focus Electric NASCAR pace car

Filed under: Motorsports, Hatchback, Ford, Electric

Last week, Ford announced that it would be creating the world's first all-electric pace car in the form of the Focus Electric hatchback. Set to lap the oval at the Richmond 400 at the end of this month, the official Focus Electric NASCAR pace car was unveiled to the public at Richmond International Raceway today, showing off the battery-powered vehicle wrapped in its decidedly modest racing livery.

We recently had our first opportunity to drive Ford's all-electric Focus and find it to be a pleasant and engaging - if inconspicuous - EV. These large decals certainly help the BEV to stand out, and we're interested to see how the Focus Electric looks while its whirring along in front of some power-hungry NASCAR racers.

Scroll through our high-resolution image gallery above to see a few shots of the zero-emission Focus pace car, and scroll down for Ford's original press release.Continue reading Ford releases photos of Focus Electric NASCAR pace car
Ford releases photos of Focus Electric NASCAR pace car originally appeared on Autoblog on Wed, 25 Apr 2012 15:59:00 EST. Please see our terms for use of feeds.
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Romney to nation: 'Hold on a little longer'

Republican presidential candidate, former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney speaks at an election night rally in Manchester, N.H., Tuesday, April 24, 2012. (AP Photo/Jae C. Hong)

Republican presidential candidate, former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney speaks at an election night rally in Manchester, N.H., Tuesday, April 24, 2012. (AP Photo/Jae C. Hong)

Republican presidential candidate, former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney and wife, Ann, take the stage at an election night rally in Manchester, N.H., Tuesday, April 24, 2012. (AP Photo/Jae C. Hong)

Republican presidential candidate, former Massachusetts Gov. Mitt Romney and wife, Ann, take the stage at an election night rally in Manchester, N.H., Tuesday, April 24, 2012. (AP Photo/Jae C. Hong)

(AP) ? Armed with a fresh slate of primary victories, Mitt Romney is urging Americans to "hold on a little longer."

The former Massachusetts governor tells New Hampshire supporters that Tuesday marks the beginning of a new campaign focused solely on President Barack Obama. He accuses the Democratic president of "false promises and weak leadership."

Romney spoke Tuesday night as he scored Republican primary victories in Connecticut, Rhode Island, Delaware and Pennsylvania in the first contests since Rick Santorum suspended his campaign. New York was expected to follow.

Romney delivered his remarks to a national television audience from Manchester, N.H., where he won his first primary of the campaign. The state is also expected to be a battleground in the fall campaign for the White House.

Associated Press

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Pretty Beijing, Ugly Beijing- Air Pollution in China

Posted by wtdevflnt on April 25, 2012

These two photos were taken a few days apart. They show how horrible the smog can be in Beijing. In the photo where you can actually see the sky, the smog level was almost 50, or what most countries would be consider to be bad. In China, however, it is a great day.
In the other pic, the pollution was like 370 or something and the air felt like an acid wash. Those days you can feel your lungs suffering from the pollutants.

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I'm not that powerful, Rupert Murdoch tells judge

In this image from video, News Corp. chairman Rupert Murdoch appears at Lord Justice Brian Leveson's inquiry in London, Wednesday April 25, 2012 to answer questions under oath about how much he knew about phone hacking at the News of the World tabloid. Murdoch is being grilled on his relationship with British politicians at the country's media ethics inquiry, while a government minister is battling accusations he gave News Corp. privileged access in its bid to take over a major broadcaster. (AP Photo/Pool)

In this image from video, News Corp. chairman Rupert Murdoch appears at Lord Justice Brian Leveson's inquiry in London, Wednesday April 25, 2012 to answer questions under oath about how much he knew about phone hacking at the News of the World tabloid. Murdoch is being grilled on his relationship with British politicians at the country's media ethics inquiry, while a government minister is battling accusations he gave News Corp. privileged access in its bid to take over a major broadcaster. (AP Photo/Pool)

In this image from video, News Corp. chairman Rupert Murdoch appears at Lord Justice Brian Leveson's inquiry in London, Wednesday April 25, 2012 to answer questions under oath about how much he knew about phone hacking at the News of the World tabloid. Murdoch is being grilled on his relationship with British politicians at the country's media ethics inquiry, while a government minister is battling accusations he gave News Corp. privileged access in its bid to take over a major broadcaster. (AP Photo/Pool)

British Culture Secretary Jeremy Hunt speaks in the House of Commons, London, where he make a statement about his part in the News Corporation bid to take over BSkyB Wednesday April 25, 2012. Speculation that Rupert Murdoch was seeking to inflict political pain on the Cameron's Conservatives mounted Tuesday when his son James gave damning testimony about British Olympics czar Jeremy Hunt, releasing documents which suggested that the Conservative minister had secretly smoothed the way for News Corp.'s proposed takeover of British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC. (AP Photo/ PA Wire) UNITED KINGDOM OUT

(AP) ? News Corp. chairman Rupert Murdoch said Wednesday that his globe-spanning TV and newspaper empire doesn't carry as much political sway as is often believed, telling a British inquiry into media ethics that he wasn't the power behind the throne often depicted by his enemies.

Speaking softly, deliberately and with dry humor, Murdoch sought to deflate what he described as myths about his business, his agenda and his friendships with those at the pinnacle of British politics.

"If these lies are repeated again and again they catch on," he said. "But they just aren't true."

The 81-year-old media baron denied ever calling in favors from British leaders and dismissed the oft-repeated claim that his top-selling daily, The Sun, could swing elections.

"We don't have that sort of power," he testified.

Murdoch was being quizzed under oath before an inquiry run by Lord Justice Brian Leveson, who is examining the relationship between British politicians and the press, a key question raised by the phone hacking scandal that brought down Murdoch's News of the World tabloid in July.

Revelations of widespread illegal behavior at the top-selling Sunday publication rocked Britain's establishment with evidence of media misdeeds, police corruption and too-cozy links between the press and politicians. Murdoch's News International ? the tabloid's publisher ? has been hit with over 100 lawsuits over phone hacking and dozens of reporters and media executives have been arrested.

Showing little equivocation, Murdoch batted away challenges to his ethics by inquiry lawyer Robert Jay.

Asked whether he set the political agenda for his U.K. editors, he denied it.

Asked whether he'd ever used his media influence to boost his business, he denied it.

Asked whether standards at his papers declined when he took them over, he denied it ? and threw in a quip about his rivals.

"The Sun has never been a better paper than it is today," Murdoch said. "I won't say the same of my competitors."

The inquiry was set up by Prime Minister David Cameron following the scandal's resurgence in July. Murdoch's testimony was among the most heavily anticipated ? not least because of his close links to generations of British politicians, both from Cameron's Conservatives and the opposition Labour Party.

Murdoch made few concessions to his inquisitor.

He denied that former Prime Minister Tony Blair of the Labour Party had consulted with him on how to discredit French leader Jacques Chirac in the run-up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq. He denied strategizing with Blair's successor, Gordon Brown, on whether to call a snap election. And he denied lobbying Cameron on issues including broadcasting regulations, the ins-and-outs of which have since helped feed the scandal.

He did reveal a tense telephone exchange with Brown in September 2009, after the tycoon had decided to throw The Sun's support behind rival Cameron.

"Well, your company has declared war on my government and we have no alternative but to make war on your company," Murdoch quoted Brown as saying, adding he did not think that the prime minister "was in a very balanced state of mind."

Brown released a statement Wednesday characterizing Murdoch's version as false.

"I hope Mr. Murdoch will have the good grace to correct his account," Brown said.

Murdoch also owned up to having made a colorful joke first reported by Blair: "If our flirtation is ever consummated, Tony, then I suspect we will end up making love like porcupines, very very carefully."

But he denied that his personal friendship with Blair had led to any favors, thumping the table to punctuate his sentence.

"I never. Asked. Mr. Blair. For anything," he said.

Media-watchers have speculated that Murdoch would seek to inflict political pain on the Cameron's Conservatives, rumors which gained force when his son James gave damning testimony about British Olympics czar Jeremy Hunt on Tuesday. The younger Murdoch released documents that suggested that Hunt, a Cameron ally, had secretly smoothed the way for News Corp.'s bid for full control of the British Sky Broadcasting Group PLC, a lucrative satellite broadcaster.

The bid was contested by Murdoch's competitors, who feared that if News Corp. increased its stake in BSkyB, it would reinforce his dominance of the British media landscape. Hunt had told lawmakers he would be impartial, but the documents showed his department giving News Corp. behind-the-scenes advice and intelligence.

Hunt's political aide Adam Smith resigned Wednesday, saying he was responsible for the perception that News Corp. had "too close a relationship" with Hunt's office. Smith said he had acted without Hunt's authorization, but it was not clear how a special adviser could have acted so independently.

Although Murdoch was cooperative with the inquiry on Wednesday, he evoked a healthy helping of the phrase "I don't remember," particularly when confronted with potentially embarrassing anecdotes about his alleged remarks.

At one point, Jay quizzed Murdoch about a gleeful comment in which Murdoch took credit for smearing his left-wing opponents.

"If I said that, I'm afraid it was the influence of alcohol," Murdoch replied.

Throughout the hearing, Murdoch attacked the idea that he traded on his political influence, calling it a "complete myth. One I want to put to bed once and for all."

So determined was he that Murdoch appeared to claim he was totally blind to business considerations when deciding which politicians to back.

"You're completely oblivious to the commercial benefits to your company of a particular party winning an election. Is that really the position?" asked a skeptical-sounding Jay.

"Yes," Murdoch said. "Absolutely."

His testimony resumes on Thursday.

___

Online:

Inquiry website: http://www.levesoninquiry.org.uk

Murdoch's witness statement: http://bit.ly/IDp5rc

Associated Press

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